๐ก๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ผ๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฏ ๐๐ถ๐๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป

๐ข๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ ๐๐ฌ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐ง๐๐ช๐
๐ก๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ผ๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฏ ๐๐ถ๐๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป: ๐ข๐ฟ๐ถ๐ด๐ถ๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐น๐ฝ๐ต๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ฒ๐๐, ๐ก๐๐บ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น๐, ๐ ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐, ๐ช๐ฒ๐ถ๐ด๐ต๐๐, ๐๐๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฐ๐๐ฟ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐, ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฃ.
This volume of about 700 pages contains most of the research published in the English edition of Origin of Arabic Numerals and additional research on numerics. During several months of numeral etymological research, the question we tried to answer is this: As most numerals in Ancient Arabic are triliterals (made of a bilateral root and a third letter either before or after the root) is it possible that the small numbers are formed by no more than two letters?
A breakthrough was made when Stone Age biliteral roots were identified for numbers 1, 2 and 3. Because Ancient Arabic is the combined language of the two main tribes in Southern Arabia, two different bilateral roots for number 1 are found in Ancient Arabic, the mother of Modern Arabic. The first is *โN which was assigned a large semantic domain including the meanings โhere, in, in here, I, being,โ etc. The second is *แธคD โedge, one, only, a partition, border,โ etc.
The bilateral root for number 2 is *Tโ which is used today for a feminine ending in addition to meanings such as โnow, just now,โ etc. The bilateral root for number three is *ล L โa group, several,โ Arabic โshilla,โ โgang, group,โ but the same word is corrupted in Modern Arabic to โthalโ producing โthlath, thalathโ โthree.โ The higher numbers are triliteral constructions of a bilateral and a third letter probably in the first part of the Agricultural Era some 10.000-11.000 years ago.
The conclusion is that before the advent of the Agricultural Era people found no need to express numbers higher than three, which meant a great deal. Like almost all other known vocabulary used at the time, the three first numbers were two-letter words.
However, the main surprise was to find the three first numbers in many other languages including English, French, German, etc,
For example, *โN is English โin, inner, inside, on,โ etc., *Tโ is English โtwo, tieโ French โtu, deux,โ Italian โduo,โ etc. English โthree,โ French โtrois,โ Italian โtre,โ German โdrei,โ etc., are from the Stone Age biliteral root *TR, originally related to โhogs.โ From the same biliteral origin is Arabic โturab,โ โearth,โ because it is plentiful.
The question at an advanced stage of etymology research was changed: Is it possible that dozens of languages spoken today have a common Stone Age origin?
From an original search for the origin of small numbers, the research was extended slowly. The final result was the publication of Origin of Speech for which an unfortunate choice was made โOrigin of Semitic Languages.โ
Classical Arabic lexicographers managed to produce huge lexicons without realising the triliterals they served were in fact extended biliterals. The same judgement is made in hundreds of books written in other languages. An example is this: โArabic has inherited from Proto-Semitic a number of biliteral roots which retain a marginal place in the noun system, e.g. /yad/ โhandโ, as well as traces of even briefer forms which must be padded to function at all and may have a number of variantsโฆโ
So, it is possible to produced volumes without being aware that almost all 9,000 or so triliterals of Arabic are extensions of Stone Age biliteral roots but unless the biliteral is identified the historical significance of biliterals will remain obscure. For example, /yad/ โhandโ, is nothing less than the name of Ad or Adam. The same process of biliteral identification of triliterals mde it possible and almost easy to identify the origins of Alphabets, Numerals, Measurements, Weights, Jurisdiction, currency and much more.
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